VERNIER SOFTWARE I. OVERVIEW
This document describes the use of a set of programs that help you perform experiments with a TI graphing calculator and the TI Calculator-Based Laboratory (CBL) System with Vernier sensors commonly used in physics. The PHYSICS set of programs support the Motion Detector, Dual-Range Force Sensor, Student Force Sensor, Low-g Accelerometer, 25-G Accelerometer, Microphone, Magnetic Field Sensor, Light Sensor, CBL Light Probe, Current and Voltage Probe System, Voltage Probe, Pressure Sensor, Direct-connect Temperature Probe, CBL Temperature probe, Thermocouple, Photogates, and Smart Pulleys. Data collection modes can be used to 1) monitor CBL channels, 2) collect data as a function of time, 3) collect data with a manually-entered independent variable, and 4) collect data using the trigger button on the CBL.
The PHYSICS program dated after 7/1/98 has been written primarily for the TI-82, TI-83, TI-83 Plus, TI-86, TI-89, TI-92, and TI-92 Plus. We have also written a version for the TI-73, but due to memory limitations, the amount of data that can be collected is very limited. The current version of PHYSICS is not supported on the TI-85 because it exceeds the available memory. An older, but less versatile version is available. III. MEMORY REQUIREMENTS AND MAXIMUM DATA It is possible that you may run into "memory error" problems when using these sets of programs. The lack of memory may occur for two reasons. 1) This entire set of programs will require a considerable amount of the
available memory on the calculator. If you run into memory errors, you may have to collect less data or you may have to free up calculator memory by deleting lists, matrices, pictures and/or programs. If there are certain data collection modes in PHYSICS you are not using, you can delete programs associated with these modes. For example if you are not using a Microphone, you can delete the PHZMICRO program. (Section XII provides a brief description of each program. It will help you decide which programs can be deleted.) If you reset your calculator and load the PHYSICS group file, the maximum number of points you can collect with two probes and a motion detector on the TI-73 is 79, TI-82 is 99, the TI-83 120, the TI-86 512, TI-89 is 512, the TI-92 190, and the TI-92 Plus is 512.
The PHYSICS group file is twelve programs that have been grouped together. Groups of files for the TI calculator always have a "??g" suffix where "??" represents the various calculators: 73, 82, 83, 85, 86, 89, 92, or 9x(for the 92 Plus module). Individual program files have the extensions "??p" The extensions on the filenames appear only on the computer and do not appear when you see the program names on the calculator. The easiest method of loading all twelve programs on to your calculator is to transfer the PHYSICS.??g group file. (Note: the TI-83 Plus calculator is handled differently. See the Readme file in the TI-83 Plus folder of the Vernier Data Collection disk.) V. SENDING GROUP FILES You will need to use TI-Graph Link to send the PHYSICS.??g group file to your calculator. The actual steps will depend upon the calculator and computer you are using. If you are unsure of this process, refer to the Graph Link manual for the calculator and computer you will be using. Not all calculators are handled the same.
The calculator programs described, except for the TI-85, have been protected so that they cannot be edited on the calculator. This feature prevents students from accidentally corrupting a program. The easiest way to edit protected files is with the TI-Graph Link program. The TI-Graph Link manuals describe the protecting and unprotecting process.
To begin, turn on the CBL and link the calculator and CBL with the black cord that came with the calculator. Make sure that the plugs are firmly pushed into the link port on the bottom edge (or the top edge of the TI-92) of the calculator and CBL. Connect the appropriate probes starting with Channel 1 (CH1) found on the top edge of the CBL. On the calculator, run the PHYSICS program. After an introductory screen, the following MAIN MENU will appear. ************************************************************ ***MAIN MENU*** The MORE option will bring up this menu: ZERO=ZERO PROBES The RETRN option will bring you back to the first part of the MAIN MENU.
When selecting MORE, be sure to use the [F5] key, not the [MORE] key on the
calculator. NOTE: The menus in the following description will match the
TI-82, TI-83, and TI-92. The TI-85 and TI-86 menus will differ
slightly. The CBL provides access to three analog channels, channels 1 - 3, for devices such as force sensors, accelerometers, and temperature probes. One sonic channel is available for an ultrasonic motion detector. When you choose the first option, SET UP PROBES, from the MAIN MENU, you will be able to 1) enter the number of active probes, 2) choose a probe, and 3) choose the method of calibrating analog probes. (Note: The program will limit the number of analog devices to two when you are also using the Motion Detector.) After you select this option, the calculator will attempt to communicate with the CBL. If the CBL is not powered up or the CBL and calculator are not properly linked, an error message will appear. Check to see that the link cord is firmly connected to each device and that the CBL is powered up - press the [ON/HALT] button on the CBL. Correct any problems before continuing. The calculator will then ask you to enter the number of probes and then the following menu will appear: SELECT
PROBE The first option represents the Vernier Motion Detector. The second option will bring up a menu from which you can choose the Vernier Student Force Sensor, the Vernier Dual Range Force Sensor, or the PASCO Force Sensor. The third option brings up a menu from which you can choose the LOW-G or 25-G Accelerometer. The fourth option works with the CBL, MPLI, or ULI microphone. (When you select this option, you will be sent to a subprogram to collect data. This program is explained in Section IX.) The fifth option represents the Pressure Sensor and the sixth option is used for the TI Temperature Probe or the Vernier Direct-Connect Temperature probe. Selecting Option 7 produces this list of probes: SELECT PROBE The first option can be used for either the TI Light Probe or the Vernier Light Sensor. The second option represents the Magnetic Field Sensor. The third option is used for either the TI Voltage probe or the Vernier Voltage Leads. The fourth option represents the current probe used with the Current and Voltage System. The fifth option represents the Voltage Probe used with the Current and Voltage System. The sixth option is selected when using the Thermocouple. Selecting Option 7 produces a final list of probes. SELECT PROBE The first option refers to the Vernier Standard Temperature Probe while the second option refers to the Vernier Quick-Response Temperature Probe. The third option is chosen when you want to use photogates or Smart Pulleys. Option 4 returns you to the first list of probes. The above lists will appear up to three times depending upon the number of probes you entered. After you select an analog probe, you will be prompted to connect the probe into the appropriate channel number. Next you will see the following CALIBRATION menu: **CALIBRATION** The first option, USE STORED, in the above menu automatically loads a standard calibration for the sensor. Each calibration contains a "generic" slope and intercept value determined by Vernier Software. The values will provide reasonably accurate measurements but individual probes differ and you may obtain better results by performing a new calibration. (The PHZCALS program contains the Vernier standard slope and intercept values. It is possible to edit this program and enter the slope and intercept values for your probes.) If you choose to perform a new calibration, it is helpful to understand the operation of Vernier probes other than the Motion Detector. During their operation, the probes produce a voltage that is linearly dependent upon a physical quantity. For example, the Student Force Sensor produces a voltage that varies linearly with the applied force. During the calibration process, the computer establishes the linear relationship between voltage and force. Option 2, PERFORM NEW, is used to perform a two-point calibration for the probe that was just set up. The following paragraph describes the calibration process for a Student Force Sensor. The same general procedure can apply to the any analog sensor. After you choose the PERFORM NEW option from the CALIBRATION menu, remove all forces from the Force Sensor. Monitor the CBL display for the voltage produced by the probe. To monitor other channels, press the [CH VIEW] button on the CBL. As you repeatedly press and hold this button, you will be able to cycle through all the channels. You will be able to see which channel is currently being monitored by noting the blinking CH 1, CH 2, or CH 3 symbols in the upper left corner of the CBL display. When the voltage stabilizes, press the [TRIGGER] button on the CBL. You are then prompted to enter the reference value, 0 Newtons in this case. Apply a known force to the sensor as a second reference. The easiest method is to hang a labeled mass from the beam end of the sensor. For example, a 200-g mass weighs 1.96 N. The voltage is again monitored and the [TRIGGER] button is pressed when the voltage stabilizes. Enter the second reference value. A slope and intercept for the linear calibration curve are then displayed on the calculator and loaded into the CBL. You may want to record these values for future reference (see the section below). This process can be repeated for other Vernier probes. For further help with other sensors and probes refer to the information sheet for those devices. Option 3, MANUAL ENTRY, in the CALIBRATION menu is an option that may save you time in setting up future experiments especially if you have performed calibrations for your probes. Probes such as the Force Sensor hold their calibration for long time periods. If you know the slope and intercept values determined in the above process, you can manually enter these values with this option. After the probes are set up, you will return to the MAIN MENU. From the MAIN MENU you can set up an experiment by choosing the second option, COLLECT DATA. The following menu provides you with a choice of data-collection modes: DATA COLLECTION (Note: If you are using a Motion Detector, the fifth option will be GRAPH MATCH and the sixth option will be RETURN TO MAIN.) The MONITOR INPUT option is used to monitor the active channels with the calculator. The purpose of this option is to view data at approximately 1.0-second intervals. No data is stored. For all probe combinations, each active channel will be displayed on the calculator. When done monitoring the channels, press the [+] key on the calculator to quit. The TIME GRAPH option from the DATA COLLECTION menu is used to collect data as a function of time. A screen will prompt you to enter the time between samples, which is entered in seconds. The sample time can be in the following range of values: 0.000164 to 0.2 seconds or 0.25 to 16000 seconds. However, the minimum sample time depends upon the number and types of active probes and the data collection mode. If you plan to use a live display where a graph is shown during data collection and you only have one probe, the minimum sample time is 0.1 s regardless of the type of probe. (If you enter a time less than 0.1 seconds, you will not get a live display.) If you enter a value between 0.1 s and 0.2 s and you use a live display, the CBL will collect data at 0.1 s. If you have two similar probes, the minimum sample time for a live display is 1 s. If you have three similar probes, the minimum sample time for a live display is 1.25 s. If you are going to collect data without a live display, the minimum sample time for one analog probe is 0.000164 s. For two analog probes the minimum time is 0.000264 and for three probes it is 0.000364 s. The minimum sample time for the Motion Detector with a non-live display is 0.008 s. (The minimum sample time will increase by 0.0006 s if you use the manual trigger option.) If you enter a value less than the minimum sample time, the calculator will use the minimum sample time allowed for your setup. To automatically collect data at the minimum sample time, enter 0 as the sample time. After the sample time is entered, you will be prompted to enter the number of data points. The maximum number on the TI-82 is 99, on the other calculators it is 512, although you may be limited by available memory. (See Section III for Memory Requirements.) Under certain conditions (detailed below) the following menu will appear allowing you to choose between live and non-live displays: COLLECTION MODE This menu will appear under these conditions: The NON-LIVE DISPL option will collect data without displaying a graph during data collection. This option provides the greatest flexibility in designing experiments by permitting combinations of probes, triggering, and a wider range of sample times. (If you did not see the above menu, the data will be collected without a live display.) If the Motion Detector is active, only two analog channels can be active. If you are only using analog channels, you will see graphs of each channel when data collection is complete. If the Motion Detector is the only active channel, then you will be able to choose from three graphs: distance vs. time, velocity vs. time, and acceleration vs. time. If you are using the Motion Detector and analog probes, you will be able to choose between the different analog channels and the different motion data. The LIVE DISPLAY option produces a "real-time" graph during data collection. However, this option will only work with probes of the same type and if the sample time is less than or equal to 270 seconds. Please note that the time base during data collection with a live display is only approximate. To record an accurate time base, use the Non-Live Display option. If the experiment is longer than 270 seconds (4.5 minutes) and non-live or you are using a manual trigger, the experiment is considered to be a long-term experiment since the calculator will automatically power down. A message will direct you to use the RETRIEVE DATA option from the MAIN MENU. Select this option after the data collection is complete when the CBL display shows "DONE". After the option is chosen, the data will be retrieved from the CBL and the graph or graphs will be displayed. Each time you view a graph, you will be able to read off the coordinates of each data point. The coordinates of the first point will be displayed on the bottom of the screen. To view other points use the left and right arrow buttons on the calculator to move across the screen. After each experiment is run, the data are stored in lists on the calculator. The names of the lists are displayed on the calculator screen after the data collection. In general the independent variable is stored in L1, channel 1 in L2, channel 2 in L3, and channel 3 (if available) in L4. The TRIGGER/PROMPT option in the DATA COLLECTION menu is used to perform experiments in which the independent variable is entered from the calculator keyboard while the dependent variable is measured with the CBL probe or probes. For example, you could use a Light Sensor to measure the light intensity as the distance from the source changes. When the [TRIGGER] button on the CBL is pressed, the CBL measures the light intensity and you will be prompted to enter the distance from the source. The independent variable data, distance in this case, is stored in list L1 and the dependent variable, light intensity, is stored in list L2. When you use the TRIGGER/PROMPT mode, a screen will appear prompting you to press the CBL [TRIGGER] button when you are ready to take a sample. You will then be prompted to enter the independent variable. The following menu then appears: DATA COLLECTION If you select the MORE DATA option, the CBL will be set up to make another reading. If you select STOP AND GRAPH, data collection will stop and a graph will be displayed. If you select PAUSE, the calculator will be put in a pause mode. When you are ready to collect more data, press [ENTER] on the calculator and follow the on-screen instructions. If the calculator has powered down, turn on the calculator, then press the [ENTER] key. The TRIGGER option in the DATA COLLECTION menu is used to manually sample each active channel when the [TRIGGER] button on the CBL is pressed. (In this data-collection mode, you do not enter an independent variable as done in the TRIGGER/PROMPT mode.) Each time you press the [TRIGGER] button, you will get the following screen: TRIGGER If you select CONTINUE, the CBL will be set up to make another reading. If you select STOP, data collection will stop and you will return to the MAIN MENU unless there are two active probes in which case a graph will be drawn. If you select PAUSE, the calculator will be put in a pause mode. When you are ready to collect more data, press [ENTER] on the calculator and follow the on-screen instructions. If the calculator has powered down, turn on the calculator, then press the [ENTER] key. During the data collection process in the TRIGGER/PROMPT and TRIGGER modes you can monitor each active channel by pressing and holding the [CH VIEW] button on the CBL. Repeated pressing of this button will cycle you through the active channels. If you are using a Motion Detector, a GRAPH MATCH option will be displayed on the DATA COLLECTION menu. Use this option to try to match distance vs. time and velocity vs. time graphs. Returning to the MAIN MENU, you will find that ANALYZE is the third option. When you select this option the following menu appears: ANALYZE MENU The first option, CURVE FIT, is used to fit a function to the collected
data. When you choose this option, a list of functions appears, including
linear, quadratic, exponent, and power. Each of these functions is followed
by the names of two lists. For example the LINEAR L1,L2 option fits a linear
function to lists L1 and L2. After choosing a fit, a screen will display the
results of the fit. After pressing [ENTER] a graph containing the collected
data and the fitted line will be displayed. MODEL MENU The first five options when selected will display the current value for that variable and prompt you for a new value. Each time a variable is changed the calculator regraphs the data and the model equation. Option 6 will turn off the model and return you to the MAIN MENU. The third option, STATS/INTEGRAL produces a menu from which you chose either statistics or integral. The STATISTICS option finds the mean, min, max, standard deviation, and number of data points of a selected region. After selecting this option, choose a graph from the displayed list. Then use the arrow keys to move the cursor and select the lower limit of the region and press [ENTER]. A vertical line will be drawn on the graph. Now move the cursor to select the upper limit and press [ENTER]. After the calculator has finished determining the statistics, a message will be displayed instructing you to press [ENTER] to continue. The numerical results will be displayed. The second option, INTEGRATE, is used to integrate a section of the graph. After selecting this option, choose a graph from the list. Use the arrow keys to move the cursor and select the lower limit of the region and press [ENTER]. A horizontal line will be drawn on the graph. Use the cursor to select the upper limit and press [ENTER]. After the integration is performed, vertical lines will be drawn to represent the integrated area. Press [ENTER] to see the numerical results. The fourth option, RESCALE GRAPH, produces a menu from which you choose the graph you wish to rescale. (If you have only one graph this menu will not appear.) After the calculator displays the graph, a menu will appear with three options. The first option is AUTOSCALE, in which the calculator will find the maximum and minimum values for x and y, and use these values as the viewing window dimensions. The second option is X SCALE in which the calculator prompts you for the minimum and maximum values you wish to view on the x-axis. The third option is Y SCALE prompts you for the minimum and maximum values for the y-axis. The fourth option in the RESCALE GRAPH menu, RETURN TO MAIN takes you back to the MAIN MENU. The fifth option, SELECT REGION, is used to select a portion of data. This feature is helpful in deleting extraneous data thereby making it easier to model data. After this option is selected, a menu will appear asking you which graph you wish to examine. This graph will then be displayed so that you may select a region of data. Use the arrow keys to move the cursor and select the lower limit of the region and press [ENTER]. A horizontal line will be drawn on the graph. Now move the cursor to select the upper limit and press [ENTER]. Data above and below these limits will be deleted from ALL lists. The sixth option, VIEW GRAPH, allows you to review previously set up graphs. As you view each graph, you will be able to use the left and right arrow buttons on the calculator to view the coordinates of each point. These graphs use automatic scaling of axes. You may prefer to use the RESCALE feature found in the ANALYZE menu. The fourth option on the MAIN MENU, TRIGGERING, gives you options for methods of starting data collection. When this option is chosen, the following menu appears: **TRIGGERING** If you select MANUAL triggering, data collection will start when the [TRIGGER] button on the CBL is pressed. This is very useful especially if you want to disconnect the CBL from the calculator. Once data is collected in this manner, you then reconnect the calculator to the CBL and use the RETRIEVE DATA option on the MAIN MENU to retrieve the data from the CBL. You set the MANUAL trigger option after you have set up the probes, otherwise the CBL will trigger automatically. The CH-1 and CH-2 options are used to start data collection when the signal from Channel 1 or 2 reaches a certain value, i.e. the pressure reaches 1.1 atm. You can trigger on any analog probe except the TI temperature probe. When selecting either of these options, you will choose whether the signal is increasing or decreasing, the trigger threshold, and the amount of "PRESTORE" data. This number is the percentage of data collected before the trigger level is reached. The OFF option turns off any triggering you have set. The fifth option in the MAIN MENU, ZERO PROBES, will bring up this menu: SELECT CHANNEL When you zero an analog probe, it acts like a tare button. When you zero the motion detector, the measurements are made from a reference point. Objects that are closer to the Motion Detector than this reference point will be negative displacements, things that are farther away from the zero reference will be positive. If you select option 5, ALL CHANNELS, all active probes will be zeroed. You should use the ZERO PROBES option after you have set up the probes. If you set up probes after selecting this option, the probes will not be zeroed. The sixth option on the MAIN MENU, RETRIEVE DATA, is used after data is collected during a long-term experiment or when the manual trigger option is chosen. Before you select this option, be sure the CBL is done collecting data. (The word "DONE" should appear in the CBL display.) The seventh option in the MAIN MENU, QUIT, will exit the program. DATA STORAGE During data collection, data is stored in the following lists: time or independent variable in L1 motion detector analog channels During the data collection process you can monitor each active channel by pressing and holding the [CH VIEW] button on the CBL. Repeated pressing of this button will cycle you through the active channels.
The primary use of the Microphone to collect waveforms of sound sources such as tuning forks, electronic keyboards, musical instruments, and the human voice. The output of the Microphone is measured in Volts and it is related to sound amplitude. After choosing Microphone from the list of sensors, a screen will appear reminding you to connect the microphone to Channel 1. The following screen will appear next, and you will have to choose the type of microphone you are using. SELECT MICROPHON The next screen provides a list of data collection modes. COLLECTION
MODE When collecting data using the microphone, we have found that the best waveforms occur when the peak voltage from the microphone is in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 volts. If the signal is much smaller than that, the quality of the waveform decreases. If this is the case, you may need to produce a louder sound or move the source closer to the microphone. If you choose the WAVEFORMS option, a screen will appear prompting you to
hold a sound source close to the microphone. After you press the [ENTER] key
on the calculator, the CBL will quickly sample the sound source.
A Option 2, WAVEFORM/TRIGR, also produces a waveform but this time the CBL is placed in a trigger mode. The CBL will not start to collect data until the voltage reaches 0.2 V. Once the trigger occurs, sampling begins and a graph of sound pressure vs. time will be displayed. After you select this option, a screen will prompt you to press [ENTER] to make the CBL ready. The CBL will then wait for a trigger. After the data is collected, the graph will be displayed and you can use the arrow keys to trace the data points on the graph. Again the time is stored in L1 and sound level is stored in list L2. Option 3, FREQUENCY, will monitor a sound source held near the microphone and display its frequency in Hertz. (Note: this mode will only work with the CBL or MPLI microphone.) After you select the option, you will be instructed to press the [ENTER] key to prepare the CBL to collect data. The next screen will prompt you to hold a sound source close to the microphone. When the sound intensity reaches a certain level, the CBL will be triggered and the signal will be monitored. If the sound is weak, you may have to hold the source very close to the microphone. After a short time, the frequency will be displayed on the calculator. The frequency will be stored in list L1. After pressing [ENTER], you will be given the opportunity to repeat the data collection. EDITING THE TIME BETWEEN SAMPLES When waveforms are collected, this program is set up to collect data as fast as possible. The minimum sample time in this situation is 0.000165 s. You may want to change this value. This is done by editing the Sample and Trigger Command (command 3) in the PHZMICRO program. If you are collecting waveforms using Option 1:WAVEFORMS, locate this command, {3,.000165,99,0,0,0,0,0,1,0}->L6 within the Lbl 1 section. If you are collecting waveforms using Option 2:WAVEFORM/TRIGR, locate this command {3,.000165,99,2,1,.2,0,0,1,0}->L6, within Lbl 2 section. To increase the time between samples, edit the second number in these commands. For help in editing programs, refer to the guidebook that came with the calculator.
When you select the photogate from the list of probes during probe setup, a screen will then appear reminding you to connect the photogate to Channel 1. The following screen will appear next: **TIMING
MODES** The first option MOTION, allows you to use various devices such as a Vernier Picket Fence or a Smart Pulley, to collect distance, velocity, and acceleration data as a function of time. When you select MOTION from the TIMING MODES menu, the following menu appears: *MOTION TIMING* The SELECT DEVICE option will produce another menu from which you will choose an appropriate photogate device. The options are: SELECT DEVICE The VERNIER PICKET is a narrow piece of plastic containing eight opaque bars separated by seven clear bars. The distance between the leading edges of the opaque bars is 0.05 m. Selecting the SMART PULLEY option brings up a list of various photogate/pulley arrangements. SMART PULLEY These options refer to two different PASCO Smart Pulleys (containing either three or ten spokes) operating in two different modes. In one mode a string is pulled through the groove in the pulley. In the other mode an object spins the pulley on the outside edge of the pulley. If you choose the CUSTOM DEVICE option in the SELECT DEVICE menu, you will be asked to enter the number of opaque objects in the picket fence or bar tape and the distance between leading edges. After the device has been chosen, you will return to the MOTION TIMING menu where you can select the COLLECT DATA option. If you have selected a photogate/pulley, you will be asked to estimate the number of revolutions. This estimate will tell the CBL when to stop collecting data. Since the TI-82 calculator is limited to 99 elements in a list, you will be limited to the number of rotations of the pulley. You may have to design your experiment with this in mind if you are using the TI-82; the other calculators are limited to 512 points. After the data is collected you will have a chance to view distance vs.
time, velocity vs. time, and acceleration vs. time graphs. As you view the
graph, you will also be able to use the left and right arrows to read off
the coordinates of each data point. After viewing these graphs, you will
then have an opportunity to repeat the experiment or return to Option two, GATE, in the TIMING MODES menu will measure the time during which one or two photogates are blocked. After you select this option, you will have to choose whether you are using one or two gates. Then you will be directed to move your hand through the photogate to arm the gate. The CBL will now record the time or times as the next object passes through the photogate(s). Option three, PENDULUM, in the TIMING MODES menu will measure the period of an object as it oscillates through the photogate. You will be asked to enter the number of oscillations. The CBL will measure the period of this motion and report the average. Option four, PULSE, measures the time between two blocking events. If you are using one photogate, the timer starts when the photogate is first blocked, and it stops when the photogate is blocked again. When two photogates are used, you time from the blocking of the first gate to the blocking of the second gate. Option five, CHECK GATES, provides a check of the photogate. Choosing this option brings up a screen that displays the status of the photogate. Slowly move an object through the photogate to verify that it changes between the blocked and unblocked states. Option six, RETURN TO MAIN, returns you to the MAIN MENU. CALCULATOR LISTS When you choose the MOTION option in the MOTION TIMING menu, pertinent data is stored in lists on the calculator. The following summarizes the arrangement: L1 - time XII. SPECIAL NOTE ON COLLECTING DATA WITH CBL Time graphs generated in real time are possible, but this option only works when one or more of the same probe are active. If the active probe is the Motion Detector, a live graph of distance vs. time is drawn, and neither velocity nor acceleration data will be calculated. When more than one different sensor is active or when you want distance, velocity and acceleration from the Motion Detector, the time graphs will be displayed after the data is collected. When the Motion Detector is used in conjunction with the other sensors, only two of these probes can be active. This occurs because the TI-82 is limited to six lists and the motion data uses four lists. PHYSICS on other calculators are prevented from using more than 3 probes to keep the programs consistent. One of the features of the calculator is the ability to model data with different regression models. In working with real data, it is helpful to select a region of data with which to work. Since the calculator applies the regression models to the entire list, the calculated fit may be affected by unwanted data. With this program it is possible to select a region of the graph and automatically delete unwanted data outside the region of interest for each of the data lists. XII. OVERVIEW OF EACH PROGRAM PHYSICS - This is the main program that controls the set up of the probes and the experiment. Begin by running this program. PHZCALIB - This calibration program provides three options allowing you to: 1) to use a default calibration, 2) perform a new calibration, and 3) manually enter the slope and intercept for a known calibration. For specific help in performing a new calibration, refer to the information sheet that came with each sensor. PHZCALS - This file contains the intercept and slope values for each Vernier analog probe. You can edit this file with the calibrations of your set of probes. PHZMATCH - The PHZMATCH program is called to allow your students to try to match distance and velocity graphs. PHZGRAPH - This program performs various graphing functions. PHZMICRO - PHZMICRO is called when you select the Microphone from the list of probes. It handles data collection with the Microphone. PHZMONIT - This program is called when you want to monitor the readings from one or more channels. PHZOPTIO - PHZOPTIO is used to select regions of data, determine integrals, and set experiment triggering. PHZTIMEG - This program produces graphs of active channels as a function of time. If only one probe is active, a real time graph can be displayed on the calculator as the data is collected. If more than one channel is active, a real time graph will not be available. You will have to wait until the data collection is done in order to see the graphs. PHZTIMER - This program is called when you select the photogate from the list of probes. PHZTRIGG - PHZTRIGG supports the trigger/prompt and trigger data collection modes. Each time you press the [TRIGGER] button data is stored in the CBL. In the trigger/prompt mode you will be prompted for an independent variable. In the trigger mode, you will not be prompted for a variable. PHZUTILS - This program performs modeling and curve-fitting functions. XIII. PROGRAM DESIGN NOTES August 19, 1998 |
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